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Kaushitaki Upanishad
The Kaushitaki Upanishad ((サンスクリット:कौषीतकि उपनिषद्), ) is an ancient Sanskrit text contained inside the Rigveda.〔 It is associated with the ''Kaushitaki'' shakha, but a Sāmānya Upanishad, meaning that it is "common" to all schools of Vedanta. It was included in Robert Hume's list of 13 Principal Upanishads,〔Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), (The Thirteen Principal Upanishads ), Oxford University Press, page xi〕 and lists as number 25 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads.
The Kaushitaki Upanishad, also known as Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad,〔 is part of the ''Kaushitaki Aranyaka'' or the ''Shankhayana Aranyaka''. The ''Kausitaki Aranyaka'' comprises 15 chapters and four of these chapters form the Kaushitaki Upanishad.
==Chronology==
The chronology of Kaushitaki Upanishad, like other Upanishads, is unclear. It is based on an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.〔Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, Chapter 1〕〔Patrick Olivelle (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, Introduction Chapter〕
Kaushitaki Upanishad was probably composed before the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. Ranade〔RD Ranade, (A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy ), Chapter 1, page 16, see pages 13-18 for discussion〕 places Kaushitaki chronological composition in the third group of ancient Upanishads, composed about the time of Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads. Juan Mascaró posits that Kaushitaki Upanishad was probably composed after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya and Taittiriya Upanishads, but before all other ancient Principal Upanishads of Hinduism.〔Juan Mascaro (1965), The Upanishads, Penguin Classics, ISBN 978-0140441635, page 45〕 Deussen as well as Winternitz consider the Kaushitaki Upanishad as amongst the most ancient prose style Upanishads, and pre-Buddhist, pre-Jaina literature.〔S Sharma (1985), Life in the Upanishads, ISBN 978-8170172024, pages 17-19〕〔M Winternitz (2010), History of Indian Literature, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120802643〕
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